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The concept of ‘less but better’ meat lacks clarity. A shared vision of livestock systems with improved sustainability across multiple indicators is needed to establish principles for ‘less but better’ in order for decision-making to deliver desired outcomes. Practices and outcomes are seldom linked, and diverging narratives on interactions between ‘less’ and ‘better’ exist. Interpretations of ‘better’ meat incorporate the delivery of environmental sustainability, improved animal welfare and better health or nutrition, but lack clear principles and omit many sustainability themes. Despite discrepancies among interpretations of ‘less’ meat, existing quantifications indicate that significant reduction is needed to achieve desirable food system outcomes. Here we explore interpretations of these concepts, finding increasing use of ‘less but better’ in the literature from Western, high-income settings. Definitions of ‘less’ and ‘better’ lack clarity. ‘Less but better’ is a pragmatic approach to tackling the sustainability challenges of meat consumption and production. The findings showed students’ readiness and willingness to conduct SL-HDS. They also perceived that engaging in SL-HDS is compatible with the role of pharmacy students. Conclusion: This study revealed that the students saw the benefits of SL-HDS. The students demanded to be equipped with critical appraisal skills, as they had limited confidence in assessing literature or information about HDS. Various facilitators and barriers influencing students’ participation in SL-HDS were uncovered (e.g., access to the internet, time, availability of reference resources). Students showed positive attitudes towards SL-HDS and agreed that their involvement in SL-HDS was instrumental in improving their knowledge about various aspects of HDS including indications, adverse effects, and HDS-drug interactions.
Results: Beliefs about SL-HDS were categorised into 12 domains based on the TDF. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using thematic content analysis. Four FGI sessions were conducted, each lasting about 60 to 75 min, and all the sessions were audio-recorded. Methods: Focus group interviews (FGIs) were conducted between April and May 2019 among a sample of undergraduate pharmacy students at a public university (n = 20). The present focus group study applies the Theoretical Domains Framework (TDF) to explore pharmacy students’ practices and beliefs regarding SL about HDS (SL-HDS). Unfortunately, there is limited coverage of topics relating to HDS in the pharmacy curricula. Knowledge about herbal and dietary supplements (HDS) is important for pharmacists. Background: Self-learning (SL) is a process in which individuals take the initiative to acquire knowledge with or without the help of others.